高可用之限流 09-guava RateLimiter 入门使用简介 & 源码分析
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高可用之限流 09-guava RateLimiter 入门使用简介 & 源码分析
RateLimiter 入门使用
maven 引入
<dependency>
<groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
<artifactId>guava</artifactId>
<version>18.0</version>
</dependency>
测试案例
@Test
public void limitTest() {
RateLimiter limiter = RateLimiter.create(1);
for(int i = 1; i < 5; i++) {
double waitTime = limiter.acquire(i);
System.out.println("cutTime=" + System.currentTimeMillis() + " acq:" + i + " waitTime:" + waitTime);
}
}
- 日志
cutTime=1592880664419 acq:1 waitTime:0.0
cutTime=1592880665420 acq:2 waitTime:0.999098
cutTime=1592880667419 acq:3 waitTime:1.99867
cutTime=1592880670419 acq:4 waitTime:2.999099
说明
首先通过RateLimiter.create(1);创建一个限流器,参数代表每秒生成的令牌数,通过limiter.acquire(i);来以阻塞的方式获取令牌,当然也可以通过tryAcquire(int permits, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)来设置等待超时时间的方式获取令牌,如果超timeout为0,则代表非阻塞,获取不到立即返回。
从输出来看,RateLimiter支持预消费,比如在acquire(5)时,等待时间是3秒,是上一个获取令牌时预消费了3个两排,固需要等待3*1秒,然后又预消费了5个令牌,以此类推
RateLimiter通过限制后面请求的等待时间,来支持一定程度的突发请求(预消费),在使用过程中需要注意这一点,具体实现原理后面再分析。
RateLimiter实现原理
Guava有两种限流模式,一种为稳定模式(SmoothBursty:令牌生成速度恒定),一种为渐进模式(SmoothWarmingUp:令牌生成速度缓慢提升直到维持在一个稳定值) 两种模式实现思路类似,主要区别在等待时间的计算上,本篇重点介绍SmoothBursty
RateLimiter的创建
通过调用RateLimiter的create接口来创建实例,实际是调用的SmoothBuisty稳定模式创建的实例。
public static RateLimiter create(double permitsPerSecond) {
return create(permitsPerSecond, SleepingStopwatch.createFromSystemTimer());
}
static RateLimiter create(double permitsPerSecond, SleepingStopwatch stopwatch) {
RateLimiter rateLimiter = new SmoothBursty(stopwatch, 1.0 /* maxBurstSeconds */);
rateLimiter.setRate(permitsPerSecond);
return rateLimiter;
}
SmoothBursty中的两个构造参数含义:
SleepingStopwatch:guava中的一个时钟类实例,会通过这个来计算时间及令牌
maxBurstSeconds:官方解释,在ReteLimiter未使用时,最多保存几秒的令牌,默认是1
在解析SmoothBursty原理前,重点解释下SmoothBursty中几个属性的含义
/**
* The work (permits) of how many seconds can be saved up if this RateLimiter is unused?
* 在RateLimiter未使用时,最多存储几秒的令牌
* */
final double maxBurstSeconds;
/**
* The currently stored permits.
* 当前存储令牌数
*/
double storedPermits;
/**
* The maximum number of stored permits.
* 最大存储令牌数 = maxBurstSeconds * stableIntervalMicros(见下文)
*/
double maxPermits;
/**
* The interval between two unit requests, at our stable rate. E.g., a stable rate of 5 permits
* per second has a stable interval of 200ms.
* 添加令牌时间间隔 = SECONDS.toMicros(1L) / permitsPerSecond;(1秒/每秒的令牌数)
*/
double stableIntervalMicros;
/**
* The time when the next request (no matter its size) will be granted. After granting a request,
* this is pushed further in the future. Large requests push this further than small requests.
* 下一次请求可以获取令牌的起始时间
* 由于RateLimiter允许预消费,上次请求预消费令牌后
* 下次请求需要等待相应的时间到nextFreeTicketMicros时刻才可以获取令牌
*/
private long nextFreeTicketMicros = 0L; // could be either in the past or future
核心函数
setRate()
通过这个接口设置令牌通每秒生成令牌的数量,内部时间通过调用SmoothRateLimiter的doSetRate来实现
public final void setRate(double permitsPerSecond) {
checkArgument(
permitsPerSecond > 0.0 && !Double.isNaN(permitsPerSecond), "rate must be positive");
synchronized (mutex()) {
doSetRate(permitsPerSecond, stopwatch.readMicros());
}
}
doSetRate()
这里先通过调用resync生成令牌以及更新下一期令牌生成时间,然后更新stableIntervalMicros,最后又调用了SmoothBursty的doSetRate
@Override
final void doSetRate(double permitsPerSecond, long nowMicros) {
resync(nowMicros);
double stableIntervalMicros = SECONDS.toMicros(1L) / permitsPerSecond;
this.stableIntervalMicros = stableIntervalMicros;
doSetRate(permitsPerSecond, stableIntervalMicros);
}
resync()
/**
* Updates {@code storedPermits} and {@code nextFreeTicketMicros} based on the current time.
* 基于当前时间,更新下一次请求令牌的时间,以及当前存储的令牌(可以理解为生成令牌)
*/
void resync(long nowMicros) {
// if nextFreeTicket is in the past, resync to now
if (nowMicros > nextFreeTicketMicros) {
double newPermits = (nowMicros - nextFreeTicketMicros) / coolDownIntervalMicros();
storedPermits = min(maxPermits, storedPermits + newPermits);
nextFreeTicketMicros = nowMicros;
}
}
根据令牌桶算法,桶中的令牌是持续生成存放的,有请求时需要先从桶中拿到令牌才能开始执行,谁来持续生成令牌存放呢?
一种解法是,开启一个定时任务,由定时任务持续生成令牌。这样的问题在于会极大的消耗系统资源,如,某接口需要分别对每个用户做访问频率限制,假设系统中存在6W用户,则至多需要开启6W个定时任务来维持每个桶中的令牌数,这样的开销是巨大的。
另一种解法则是延迟计算,如上resync函数。该函数会在每次获取令牌之前调用,其实现思路为,若当前时间晚于nextFreeTicketMicros,则计算该段时间内可以生成多少令牌,将生成的令牌加入令牌桶中并更新数据。这样一来,只需要在获取令牌时计算一次即可。
SmoothBursty 的 doSetRate
桶中可存放的最大令牌数由maxBurstSeconds计算而来,其含义为最大存储maxBurstSeconds秒生成的令牌。
该参数的作用在于,可以更为灵活地控制流量。如,某些接口限制为300次/20秒,某些接口限制为50次/45秒等。也就是流量不局限于qps
作者:人在码途
链接:https://www.jianshu.com/p/5d4fe4b2a726
来源:简书
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。
@Override
void doSetRate(double permitsPerSecond, double stableIntervalMicros) {
double oldMaxPermits = this.maxPermits;
maxPermits = maxBurstSeconds * permitsPerSecond;
if (oldMaxPermits == Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY) {
// if we don't special-case this, we would get storedPermits == NaN, below
// Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY 代表无穷啊
storedPermits = maxPermits;
} else {
storedPermits =
(oldMaxPermits == 0.0)
? 0.0 // initial state
: storedPermits * maxPermits / oldMaxPermits;
}
}
RateLimiter 几个常用接口分析
在了解以上概念后,就非常容易理解 RateLimiter 暴露出来的接口
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
public double acquire() {
return acquire(1);
}
/**
* 获取令牌,返回阻塞的时间
**/
@CanIgnoreReturnValue
public double acquire(int permits) {
long microsToWait = reserve(permits);
stopwatch.sleepMicrosUninterruptibly(microsToWait);
return 1.0 * microsToWait / SECONDS.toMicros(1L);
}
final long reserve(int permits) {
checkPermits(permits);
synchronized (mutex()) {
return reserveAndGetWaitLength(permits, stopwatch.readMicros());
}
}
acquire函数主要用于获取permits个令牌,并计算需要等待多长时间,进而挂起等待,并将该值返回,主要通过reserve返回需要等待的时间,reserve中通过调用reserveAndGetWaitLength获取等待时间
/**
* Reserves next ticket and returns the wait time that the caller must wait for.
*
* @return the required wait time, never negative
*/
final long reserveAndGetWaitLength(int permits, long nowMicros) {
long momentAvailable = reserveEarliestAvailable(permits, nowMicros);
return max(momentAvailable - nowMicros, 0);
}
最后调用了 reserveEarliestAvailable
@Override
final long reserveEarliestAvailable(int requiredPermits, long nowMicros) {
resync(nowMicros);
long returnValue = nextFreeTicketMicros;
double storedPermitsToSpend = min(requiredPermits, this.storedPermits);
double freshPermits = requiredPermits - storedPermitsToSpend;
long waitMicros =
storedPermitsToWaitTime(this.storedPermits, storedPermitsToSpend)
+ (long) (freshPermits * stableIntervalMicros);
this.nextFreeTicketMicros = LongMath.saturatedAdd(nextFreeTicketMicros, waitMicros);
this.storedPermits -= storedPermitsToSpend;
return returnValue;
}
首先通过resync生成令牌以及同步nextFreeTicketMicros时间戳,freshPermits从令牌桶中获取令牌后还需要的令牌数量,通过storedPermitsToWaitTime计算出获取freshPermits还需要等待的时间,在稳定模式中,这里就是(long) (freshPermits * stableIntervalMicros) ,然后更新nextFreeTicketMicros以及storedPermits,这次获取令牌需要的等待到的时间点,reserveAndGetWaitLength返回需要等待的时间间隔。
从reserveEarliestAvailable
可以看出RateLimiter的预消费原理,以及获取令牌的等待时间时间原理(可以解释示例结果),再获取令牌不足时,并没有等待到令牌全部生成,而是更新了下次获取令牌时的nextFreeTicketMicros,从而影响的是下次获取令牌的等待时间。
reserve
这里返回等待时间后,acquire
通过调用stopwatch.sleepMicrosUninterruptibly(microsToWait);
进行sleep操作,这里不同于Thread.sleep(), 这个函数的sleep是uninterruptibly的,内部实现:
public static void sleepUninterruptibly(long sleepFor, TimeUnit unit) {
//sleep 阻塞线程 内部通过Thread.sleep()
boolean interrupted = false;
try {
long remainingNanos = unit.toNanos(sleepFor);
long end = System.nanoTime() + remainingNanos;
while (true) {
try {
// TimeUnit.sleep() treats negative timeouts just like zero.
NANOSECONDS.sleep(remainingNanos);
return;
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
interrupted = true;
remainingNanos = end - System.nanoTime();
//如果被interrupt可以继续,更新sleep时间,循环继续sleep
}
}
} finally {
if (interrupted) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
//如果被打断过,sleep过后再真正中断线程
}
}
}
sleep之后,acquire
返回sleep的时间,阻塞结束,获取到令牌。
public boolean tryAcquire(int permits) {
return tryAcquire(permits, 0, MICROSECONDS);
}
public boolean tryAcquire() {
return tryAcquire(1, 0, MICROSECONDS);
}
public boolean tryAcquire(int permits, long timeout, TimeUnit unit) {
long timeoutMicros = max(unit.toMicros(timeout), 0);
checkPermits(permits);
long microsToWait;
synchronized (mutex()) {
long nowMicros = stopwatch.readMicros();
if (!canAcquire(nowMicros, timeoutMicros)) {
return false;
} else {
microsToWait = reserveAndGetWaitLength(permits, nowMicros);
}
}
stopwatch.sleepMicrosUninterruptibly(microsToWait);
return true;
}
private boolean canAcquire(long nowMicros, long timeoutMicros) {
return queryEarliestAvailable(nowMicros) - timeoutMicros <= nowMicros;
}
@Override
final long queryEarliestAvailable(long nowMicros) {
return nextFreeTicketMicros;
}
tryAcquire函数可以尝试在timeout时间内获取令牌,如果可以则挂起等待相应时间并返回true,否则立即返回false
canAcquire用于判断timeout时间内是否可以获取令牌,通过判断当前时间+超时时间是否大于nextFreeTicketMicros 来决定是否能够拿到足够的令牌数,如果可以获取到,则过程同acquire,线程sleep等待,如果通过canAcquire在此超时时间内不能回去到令牌,则可以快速返回,不需要等待timeout后才知道能否获取到令牌。
到此,Guava RateLimiter稳定模式的实现原理基本已经清楚,如发现文中错误的地方,劳烦指正!