【VMware vCenter】连接和使用vCenter Server嵌入式vPostgres数据库。

vCenter Server 早期支持内嵌(embedded)和外部(external)数据库,内嵌数据库就是vPostgres,基于VMware Postgres数据库(PostgreSQL数据库),外部数据库用的多的是Oracle数据库和SQL Server数据库。因为早期使用内嵌的PostgreSQL数据库只能用于小型环境,比如仅支持几十台主机以及几百个虚拟机,所以一般大型的环境都使用外部数据库进行部署,这跟早期基于Platform Services Controller(PSC)内嵌和分离部署方式类似,而现在VMware只使用内嵌vPostgres数据库了,因为越往后面更新的版本功能性能越来越强,这与使用外部数据库的差距就不大了,后来PSC也仅支持内嵌部署,在简化产品构成的复杂性的同时也与产品本身更紧密集成了。

注意:进行数据库操作之前,说明已知晓风险并承担可能带来的后果。此操作不受VMware支持,请对vCenter Server做好备份和快照。

要连接到vPostgres数据库,需要先连接到vCenter Server的Shell命令行界面,所以需要先为vCenter启用SSH连接并使用root用户登录。其中,连接数据库需要用到psql命令,psql是vPostgres数据库自带的交互式命令行管理工具,该工具位于vCenter的以下目录中。

/opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/psql

需要注意的是,在操作vPostgres数据库时,应该使用位于/opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/中的psql二进制文件,而不是直接使用操作系统的psql二进制文件,因为这两者的版本存在一定区别。

/opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/psql --version
psql --version

在连接使用vPostgres数据库之前,先来看一下psql命令工具的使用帮助。

root@vcenter [ ~ ]# /opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/psql --help
psql is the PostgreSQL interactive terminal.

Usage:
  psql [OPTION]... [DBNAME [USERNAME]]

General options:
  -c, --command=COMMAND    run only single command (SQL or internal) and exit
  -d, --dbname=DBNAME      database name to connect to (default: "root")
  -f, --file=FILENAME      execute commands from file, then exit
  -l, --list               list available databases, then exit
  -v, --set=, --variable=NAME=VALUE
                           set psql variable NAME to VALUE
                           (e.g., -v ON_ERROR_STOP=1)
  -V, --version            output version information, then exit
  -X, --no-psqlrc          do not read startup file (~/.psqlrc)
  -1 ("one"), --single-transaction
                           execute as a single transaction (if non-interactive)
  -?, --help[=options]     show this help, then exit
      --help=commands      list backslash commands, then exit
      --help=variables     list special variables, then exit

Input and output options:
  -a, --echo-all           echo all input from script
  -b, --echo-errors        echo failed commands
  -e, --echo-queries       echo commands sent to server
  -E, --echo-hidden        display queries that internal commands generate
  -L, --log-file=FILENAME  send session log to file
  -n, --no-readline        disable enhanced command line editing (readline)
  -o, --output=FILENAME    send query results to file (or |pipe)
  -q, --quiet              run quietly (no messages, only query output)
  -s, --single-step        single-step mode (confirm each query)
  -S, --single-line        single-line mode (end of line terminates SQL command)

Output format options:
  -A, --no-align           unaligned table output mode
      --csv                CSV (Comma-Separated Values) table output mode
  -F, --field-separator=STRING
                           field separator for unaligned output (default: "|")
  -H, --html               HTML table output mode
  -P, --pset=VAR[=ARG]     set printing option VAR to ARG (see \pset command)
  -R, --record-separator=STRING
                           record separator for unaligned output (default: newline)
  -t, --tuples-only        print rows only
  -T, --table-attr=TEXT    set HTML table tag attributes (e.g., width, border)
  -x, --expanded           turn on expanded table output
  -z, --field-separator-zero
                           set field separator for unaligned output to zero byte
  -0, --record-separator-zero
                           set record separator for unaligned output to zero byte

Connection options:
  -h, --host=HOSTNAME      database server host or socket directory (default: "/var/run/vpostgres")
  -p, --port=PORT          database server port (default: "5432")
  -U, --username=USERNAME  database user name (default: "root")
  -w, --no-password        never prompt for password
  -W, --password           force password prompt (should happen automatically)

For more information, type "\?" (for internal commands) or "\help" (for SQL
commands) from within psql, or consult the psql section in the PostgreSQL
documentation.

Report bugs to <[email protected]>.
PostgreSQL home page: <https://www.postgresql.org/>

psql命令后面可以跟多个选项,比如连接选项中,-h或--host指定连接的数据库主机,-p或--port指定连接数据库的端口号(默认5432),-U或--username指定连接数据库的用户名,-W或--password指定连接数据库的密码,在通用选项中,-d或--dbname指定连接的数据库名称。通过上述选项可以连接到某个数据库中并进入交互式命令行界面,如果不想进入交互式界面,可以使用-c或者--command直接在Shell中运行数据库指令,使用-l或--list选项列出所有可用的数据库名称,-f或--file选择可以执行本地目录中的一个脚本文件。还可以设定输入input和输出output选项以及输出output的格式,比如-b选项指定命令错误了输出,-q选项静默执行,-t选项仅输出结果等等。更多详细解释请看psql说明。

/opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/psql -U postgres -l

默认情况下,vCenter Server内嵌式vPostgres数据库的用户名是 postgres,这是一个superuser具有超级管理员权限,通过本地登录无需要密码皆可连接,如果想通过外面其他客户端进行登录则还需要进行其他设置,后面会说。早期的vCenter Server版本还有一个用户 vc 也具有管理员权限,不过最新的版本中该用户依然存在不过无法进行数据库创建等操作。连接数据库后,我们可以使用\du或\du+或\dg或\dg+的psql基本命令查看数据库中的所有用户及其分配的角色。

/opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/psql -U postgres -d VCDB

下图是vCenter Server 6.7版本中嵌入式vPostgres数据库中所有的用户。

下图是vCenter Server 8.0版本中嵌入式vPostgres数据库中所有的用户。

查看vPostgres数据库的配置文件,vCenter Server默认的数据库实例是VCDB,数据库的存放位置是/storage/db/vpostgres。JDBC地址以及PGUSER_PASSWORD密码后面通过外部客户端连接的时候会用到。

cat /etc/vmware-vpx/embedded_db.cfg
cat /etc/vmware-vpx/vcdb.properties

使用psql工具连接到vPostgres数据库以后,进入交互式命令行界面,可以使用help查看帮助。

/opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/psql -U postgres -d VCDB

使用\?可以查看 psql 基本命令。

VCDB=# \?
General
  \copyright             show PostgreSQL usage and distribution terms
  \crosstabview [COLUMNS] execute query and display results in crosstab
  \errverbose            show most recent error message at maximum verbosity
  \g [(OPTIONS)] [FILE]  execute query (and send results to file or |pipe);
                         \g with no arguments is equivalent to a semicolon
  \gdesc                 describe result of query, without executing it
  \gexec                 execute query, then execute each value in its result
  \gset [PREFIX]         execute query and store results in psql variables
  \gx [(OPTIONS)] [FILE] as \g, but forces expanded output mode
  \q                     quit psql
  \watch [SEC]           execute query every SEC seconds

Help
  \? [commands]          show help on backslash commands
  \? options             show help on psql command-line options
  \? variables           show help on special variables
  \h [NAME]              help on syntax of SQL commands, * for all commands

Query Buffer
  \e [FILE] [LINE]       edit the query buffer (or file) with external editor
  \ef [FUNCNAME [LINE]]  edit function definition with external editor
  \ev [VIEWNAME [LINE]]  edit view definition with external editor
  \p                     show the contents of the query buffer
  \r                     reset (clear) the query buffer
  \s [FILE]              display history or save it to file
  \w FILE                write query buffer to file

Input/Output
  \copy ...              perform SQL COPY with data stream to the client host
  \echo [-n] [STRING]    write string to standard output (-n for no newline)
  \i FILE                execute commands from file
  \ir FILE               as \i, but relative to location of current script
  \o [FILE]              send all query results to file or |pipe
  \qecho [-n] [STRING]   write string to \o output stream (-n for no newline)
  \warn [-n] [STRING]    write string to standard error (-n for no newline)

Conditional
  \if EXPR               begin conditional block
  \elif EXPR             alternative within current conditional block
  \else                  final alternative within current conditional block
  \endif                 end conditional block

Informational
  (options: S = show system objects, + = additional detail)
  \d[S+]                 list tables, views, and sequences
  \d[S+]  NAME           describe table, view, sequence, or index
  \da[S]  [PATTERN]      list aggregates
  \dA[+]  [PATTERN]      list access methods
  \dAc[+] [AMPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]  list operator classes
  \dAf[+] [AMPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]  list operator families
  \dAo[+] [AMPTRN [OPFPTRN]]   list operators of operator families
  \dAp[+] [AMPTRN [OPFPTRN]]   list support functions of operator families
  \db[+]  [PATTERN]      list tablespaces
  \dc[S+] [PATTERN]      list conversions
  \dC[+]  [PATTERN]      list casts
  \dd[S]  [PATTERN]      show object descriptions not displayed elsewhere
  \dD[S+] [PATTERN]      list domains
  \ddp    [PATTERN]      list default privileges
  \dE[S+] [PATTERN]      list foreign tables
  \des[+] [PATTERN]      list foreign servers
  \det[+] [PATTERN]      list foreign tables
  \deu[+] [PATTERN]      list user mappings
  \dew[+] [PATTERN]      list foreign-data wrappers
  \df[anptw][S+] [FUNCPTRN [TYPEPTRN ...]]
                         list [only agg/normal/procedure/trigger/window] functions
  \dF[+]  [PATTERN]      list text search configurations
  \dFd[+] [PATTERN]      list text search dictionaries
  \dFp[+] [PATTERN]      list text search parsers
  \dFt[+] [PATTERN]      list text search templates
  \dg[S+] [PATTERN]      list roles
  \di[S+] [PATTERN]      list indexes
  \dl                    list large objects, same as \lo_list
  \dL[S+] [PATTERN]      list procedural languages
  \dm[S+] [PATTERN]      list materialized views
  \dn[S+] [PATTERN]      list schemas
  \do[S+] [OPPTRN [TYPEPTRN [TYPEPTRN]]]
                         list operators
  \dO[S+] [PATTERN]      list collations
  \dp     [PATTERN]      list table, view, and sequence access privileges
  \dP[itn+] [PATTERN]    list [only index/table] partitioned relations [n=nested]
  \drds [ROLEPTRN [DBPTRN]] list per-database role settings
  \dRp[+] [PATTERN]      list replication publications
  \dRs[+] [PATTERN]      list replication subscriptions
  \ds[S+] [PATTERN]      list sequences
  \dt[S+] [PATTERN]      list tables
  \dT[S+] [PATTERN]      list data types
  \du[S+] [PATTERN]      list roles
  \dv[S+] [PATTERN]      list views
  \dx[+]  [PATTERN]      list extensions
  \dX     [PATTERN]      list extended statistics
  \dy[+]  [PATTERN]      list event triggers
  \l[+]   [PATTERN]      list databases
  \sf[+]  FUNCNAME       show a function's definition
  \sv[+]  VIEWNAME       show a view's definition
  \z      [PATTERN]      same as \dp

Formatting
  \a                     toggle between unaligned and aligned output mode
  \C [STRING]            set table title, or unset if none
  \f [STRING]            show or set field separator for unaligned query output
  \H                     toggle HTML output mode (currently off)
  \pset [NAME [VALUE]]   set table output option
                         (border|columns|csv_fieldsep|expanded|fieldsep|
                         fieldsep_zero|footer|format|linestyle|null|
                         numericlocale|pager|pager_min_lines|recordsep|
                         recordsep_zero|tableattr|title|tuples_only|
                         unicode_border_linestyle|unicode_column_linestyle|
                         unicode_header_linestyle)
  \t [on|off]            show only rows (currently off)
  \T [STRING]            set HTML <table> tag attributes, or unset if none
  \x [on|off|auto]       toggle expanded output (currently off)

Connection
  \c[onnect] {[DBNAME|- USER|- HOST|- PORT|-] | conninfo}
                         connect to new database (currently "VCDB")
  \conninfo              display information about current connection
  \encoding [ENCODING]   show or set client encoding
  \password [USERNAME]   securely change the password for a user

Operating System
  \cd [DIR]              change the current working directory
  \setenv NAME [VALUE]   set or unset environment variable
  \timing [on|off]       toggle timing of commands (currently off)
  \! [COMMAND]           execute command in shell or start interactive shell

Variables
  \prompt [TEXT] NAME    prompt user to set internal variable
  \set [NAME [VALUE]]    set internal variable, or list all if no parameters
  \unset NAME            unset (delete) internal variable

Large Objects
  \lo_export LOBOID FILE
  \lo_import FILE [COMMENT]
  \lo_list
  \lo_unlink LOBOID      large object operations
VCDB=# 

使用\h可以查看支持的标准 SQL 命令。

VCDB=# \h
Available help:
  ABORT                            CHECKPOINT                       CREATE USER                      DROP TRIGGER
  ALTER AGGREGATE                  CLOSE                            CREATE USER MAPPING              DROP TYPE
  ALTER COLLATION                  CLUSTER                          CREATE VIEW                      DROP USER
  ALTER CONVERSION                 COMMENT                          DEALLOCATE                       DROP USER MAPPING
  ALTER DATABASE                   COMMIT                           DECLARE                          DROP VIEW
  ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES         COMMIT PREPARED                  DELETE                           END
  ALTER DOMAIN                     COPY                             DISCARD                          EXECUTE
  ALTER EVENT TRIGGER              CREATE ACCESS METHOD             DO                               EXPLAIN
  ALTER EXTENSION                  CREATE AGGREGATE                 DROP ACCESS METHOD               FETCH
  ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER       CREATE CAST                      DROP AGGREGATE                   GRANT
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE              CREATE COLLATION                 DROP CAST                        IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
  ALTER FUNCTION                   CREATE CONVERSION                DROP COLLATION                   INSERT
  ALTER GROUP                      CREATE DATABASE                  DROP CONVERSION                  LISTEN
  ALTER INDEX                      CREATE DOMAIN                    DROP DATABASE                    LOAD
  ALTER LANGUAGE                   CREATE EVENT TRIGGER             DROP DOMAIN                      LOCK
  ALTER LARGE OBJECT               CREATE EXTENSION                 DROP EVENT TRIGGER               MOVE
  ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW          CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER      DROP EXTENSION                   NOTIFY
  ALTER OPERATOR                   CREATE FOREIGN TABLE             DROP FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER        PREPARE
  ALTER OPERATOR CLASS             CREATE FUNCTION                  DROP FOREIGN TABLE               PREPARE TRANSACTION
  ALTER OPERATOR FAMILY            CREATE GROUP                     DROP FUNCTION                    REASSIGN OWNED
  ALTER POLICY                     CREATE INDEX                     DROP GROUP                       REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
  ALTER PROCEDURE                  CREATE LANGUAGE                  DROP INDEX                       REINDEX
  ALTER PUBLICATION                CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW         DROP LANGUAGE                    RELEASE SAVEPOINT
  ALTER ROLE                       CREATE OPERATOR                  DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW           RESET
  ALTER ROUTINE                    CREATE OPERATOR CLASS            DROP OPERATOR                    REVOKE
  ALTER RULE                       CREATE OPERATOR FAMILY           DROP OPERATOR CLASS              ROLLBACK
  ALTER SCHEMA                     CREATE POLICY                    DROP OPERATOR FAMILY             ROLLBACK PREPARED
  ALTER SEQUENCE                   CREATE PROCEDURE                 DROP OWNED                       ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT
  ALTER SERVER                     CREATE PUBLICATION               DROP POLICY                      SAVEPOINT
  ALTER STATISTICS                 CREATE ROLE                      DROP PROCEDURE                   SECURITY LABEL
  ALTER SUBSCRIPTION               CREATE RULE                      DROP PUBLICATION                 SELECT
  ALTER SYSTEM                     CREATE SCHEMA                    DROP ROLE                        SELECT INTO
  ALTER TABLE                      CREATE SEQUENCE                  DROP ROUTINE                     SET
  ALTER TABLESPACE                 CREATE SERVER                    DROP RULE                        SET CONSTRAINTS
  ALTER TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION  CREATE STATISTICS                DROP SCHEMA                      SET ROLE
  ALTER TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY     CREATE SUBSCRIPTION              DROP SEQUENCE                    SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION
  ALTER TEXT SEARCH PARSER         CREATE TABLE                     DROP SERVER                      SET TRANSACTION
  ALTER TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE       CREATE TABLE AS                  DROP STATISTICS                  SHOW
  ALTER TRIGGER                    CREATE TABLESPACE                DROP SUBSCRIPTION                START TRANSACTION
  ALTER TYPE                       CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION DROP TABLE                       TABLE
  ALTER USER                       CREATE TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY    DROP TABLESPACE                  TRUNCATE
  ALTER USER MAPPING               CREATE TEXT SEARCH PARSER        DROP TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION   UNLISTEN
  ALTER VIEW                       CREATE TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE      DROP TEXT SEARCH DICTIONARY      UPDATE
  ANALYZE                          CREATE TRANSFORM                 DROP TEXT SEARCH PARSER          VACUUM
  BEGIN                            CREATE TRIGGER                   DROP TEXT SEARCH TEMPLATE        VALUES
  CALL                             CREATE TYPE                      DROP TRANSFORM                   WITH
VCDB=# 

通常情况下,psql基本命令和标准的sql命令可以配合使用。使用\q可以退出 psql 交互式命令行界面,下面看一下常用的psql基本命令。更多详细解释请看psql说明。

\conninfo 查看当前连接信息。

\c postgres 连接到其他数据库。

\encoding 查看当前连接编码。

\l或\l+ 查看所有数据库。

\du或\du+ 查看所有用户及分配的角色(上面说过)。

\drds 查看角色的设置。

\dn+ 查看所有schema模式。

\d+ 查看所有对象信息,包含table、view、sequence等。\dt+ 查看table,\dv+ 查看view,\ds+ 查看sequence。

\db+ 查看表空间。

\dA+ 查看访问的方法。

\a 开启或关闭输出对齐模式。上面所有的默认输出都是对齐模式,unaligned后,以 \l 为例,如下所示。

重新aligned以后,再查看数据库,所有列都对齐了。

有的时候,当查询一个比较大的表时,显示的内容展示不太友好,比如\l+查看数据库,有些内容超出第二行了。

\x 开启expanded显示后,这样就方便我们进行查看了,若要关闭再次执行\x即可。

\t 仅显示输出的结果,不显示标题。

关于PostgreSQL标准的SQL命令语法这里就不展开说明了,详细可以查看PostgreSQL教程,下面举几个例子。

查看vCenter数据库版本,表名可以tab补全。

SELECT * FROM vpx_version;

查看表空间占用最大的前十个。

SELECT nspname || '.' || relname AS "table",pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(C.oid)) AS "total_size" FROM pg_class C LEFT JOIN pg_namespace N ON (N.oid = C.relnamespace) WHERE nspname NOT IN ('pg_catalog', 'information_schema') AND C.relkind <> 'i' AND nspname !~ '^pg_toast' ORDER BY pg_total_relation_size(C.oid) DESC LIMIT 10;

查看用户登录事件。vCenter 所有事件列表

SELECT event_type,create_time,username,vm_name FROM vc.vpxv_events where event_type like '%UserLoginSessionEvent%';

在/opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/目录下除了psql二进制文件以外,还有其他二进制文件工具,关于这些工具的使用和说明可以在这里查看。关于vCenter Server vPostgres数据库的备份和还原,可以参考KB 2091961知识库文章中的方法。

上述方式连接和使用vPostgres数据库都是基于psql命令行,其实也支持使用图形化客户端工具进行管理。可以使用 pgAdmin 或者 DBeaver 客户端图形工具来管理vPostgres数据库。下面就以DBeaver社区版客户端为例,了解如何连接和使用vPostgres数据库。

默认情况下,vCenter Server数据库只能进行本地连接,不过如果要从外部进行连接也是可以的。

需要在vCenter Server上将vPostgres数据库的访问端口(5432)从iptables防火墙上放开(accept)。

iptables -I INPUT 1 -p tcp --dport 5432 -j ACCEPT

配置vPostgres数据库允许来自所有远程主机的连接并要求postgres用户的密码,配置文件位于/storage/db/vpostgres/pg_hba.conf。

echo "host all postgres 0.0.0.0/0 md5" >> /storage/db/vpostgres/pg_hba.conf

重新加载vPostgres配置以应用对pg_hba.conf的更改。

/opt/vmware/vpostgres/current/bin/psql -U postgres -c "SELECT pg_reload_conf();"

查看postgres用户的密码。

cat /etc/vmware-vpx/embedded_db.cfg

安装好DBeaver工具后,下面配置连接vPostgres数据库。

先配置用于连接PostgreSQL数据库的驱动,展开导航栏中的“数据库”,点击“驱动管理器”,找到PostgreSQL数据库并编辑。

在设置的最下面有一行网址,点击下载PostgreSQL标准驱动,保存至客户端所在的本地文件夹中。

点击“库”,将下面存在驱动全部删除,点击“添加文件”将刚刚下载的驱动加入到库中。点击确定完成驱动的添加。

展开导航栏中的“数据库”,点击“新建数据库连接”,找到PostgreSQL数据库并点击下一步。

设置PostgreSQL数据库连接,配置主机(vCenter)和数据库(VCDB),还有用户名(postgres)和密码,点击测试连接。

展开VCDB数据库,查看所有的schema模式。

在vc schema模式下,vpx_alarm表中查看vCenter所有告警列表。

vpx_datastore表中查看vCenter所有数据存储。

vpx_dvs表中查看vCenter所有分布式交换机。

vpx_network表中查看vCenter所有标准交换机。

vpx_vm表中查看vCenter所有虚拟机。

参考:

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